Science, 16 Oct 2025, VOL 390, ISSUE 6770

《科学》2025年10月16日，第390卷，6770期

质料科学Material Sciences

Electrically controlled interlayer trion fluid in electron-hole bilayers

电子—空穴双层布局中的电控层间三子流体

▲ 作者：Ruishi Qi, Qize Li et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn4584

▲择要：于量子电子—空穴（e-h）流体中的排斥性与吸引性库仑彼此作用配合作用，可孕育发生多粒子电荷复合体的相干相态，如激子、三子及双激子。研究者报导了于范德瓦尔斯异质结中实现电控层间三子流体的试验结果。于强耦合电子—空穴双层布局中，电子与空穴自觉形成三粒子三子束厄局促态。层间三子可出现1e-2h与2e-1h两种构型。

研究发明，1e-2h三子中的两个空穴会形成自旋单重态，其自旋能隙约为1毫电子伏特。经由过程静电栅压调控，该均衡态可持续改变为激子流体、三子流体、激子—三子混淆态或者三子—电荷混淆态。这项研究为相识可调谐玻色—费米混淆体的相干相态提供了新平台。

▲ Abstract：The combination of repulsive and attractive Coulomb interactions in a quantum electron-hole (e-h) fluid can produce correlated phases of multiparticle charge complexes, such as excitons, trions, and biexcitons. We report an experimental realization of an electrically controlled interlayer trion fluid in van der Waals heterostructures. In strongly coupled e-h bilayers, electrons and holes spontaneously form three-particle trion bound states. The interlayer trions can assume 1e-2h and 2e-1h configurations. We show that the two holes in 1e-2h trions form a spin-singlet with a spin gap of approximately one milli–electron volt. By electrostatic gating, the equilibrium state can be continuously tuned into an exciton fluid, a trion fluid, an exciton-trion mixture, or a trion-charge mixture. Our work demonstrates a platform to study correlated phases of tunable Bose-Fermi mixtures.

生物学Biology

“Kiss-shrink-run” unifies mechanisms for synaptic vesicle exocytosis and hyperfast recycling

“亲完就跑” 同一了突触小泡胞吐与超快速轮回的机制

▲ 作者：Chang-Lu Tao, Chong-Li Tian et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads7954

▲ 择要：突触小泡（SV）胞吐作用是神经元通讯的基础，但因为原位不雅测快速动态历程的技能限定，其纳米标准动力学机制还没有了了。研究者经由过程光遗传学耦合的时间分辩冷冻电子断层扫描技能，乐成捕捉了年夜鼠海马区突触中小泡的胞吐历程。

于突触激活后的4毫秒内，突触小泡会短暂“亲吻”触质膜，形成一个约4纳米宽的脂质交融孔，其双侧可见疑似可溶性NSF附着卵白受体；随后小泡迅速“紧缩”至原外貌积的一半摆布。至70毫秒时，大都紧缩后的小泡经由过程“逃逸”路子完成轮回，其余小泡则与突触前膜交融。100毫秒后，超快内吞作用会收受接管扩张的突触前膜。

这些发明展现了突触小泡胞吐与超快速轮回的“亲完就跑”机制，和谐了现有理论模子的抵牾，并阐了然突触通报的高效性与保真度基础。

▲ Abstract：Synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis underpins neuronal co妹妹unication, yet its nanoscale dynamics remain poorly understood owing to limitations in visualizing rapid events in situ. Here, we used optogenetics-coupled, time-resolved cryo–electron tomography to capture SV exocytosis in rat hippocampal synapses. Within 4 milliseconds of synaptic activation, SVs transiently “kiss” the plasma membrane, forming a ~4-nanometer lipidic fusion pore flanked by putative soluble NSF-attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes and then rapidly “shrink” to approximately half of their original surface area. By 70 milliseconds, most shrunken SVs recycle via a “run-away” pathway, whereas others collapse into the presynaptic membrane. Ultrafast endocytosis retrieves the expanded presynaptic membrane after 100 milliseconds. These findings reveal a “kiss-shrink-run” mechanism of SV exocytosis and hyperfast recycling, reconciling conflicting models and elucidating the efficiency and fidelity of synaptic transmission.

Defensive fungal symbiosis on insect hindlegs

虫豸后腿上的防备性真菌共生征象

▲ 作者：Takanori Nishino, Minoru Moriyama et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp6699

▲ 择要：兜蝽科臭虫（Dinidorid stinkbug）的雌性后腿上具备一个显著的鼓膜器官。本研究注解，该器官并不是用在感知声音，而是特化为贮存微生物共生体。其外貌并不是膜质布局，而是由多孔角质层组成，每一个孔洞均与腺体排泄细胞相连。

于孳生期的雌性个别中，后腿器官外貌笼罩着从孔洞中生长出的真菌菌丝。产卵时，雌性会将真菌从该器官转移至卵粒外貌，菌丝三木SEO-经由过程物理樊篱作用掩护虫卵免受蜂类寄生。这些真菌重要由多种低致病性虫草科物种构成，具备富厚的多样性。

▲ Abstract：Dinidorid stinkbugs were reported to possess a conspicuous tympanal organ on female hindlegs. In this study, we show that this organ is specialized to retain microbial symbionts rather than to perceive sound. The organ’s surface is not membranous but consists of porous cuticle in which each pore connects to glandular secretory cells. In reproductive females, the hindleg organ is covered with fungal hyphae that grow from the pores. Upon oviposition, the females transfer the fungi from the organ to the eggs, where the hyphae physically protect the eggs against wasp parasitism. The fungi comprise a diversity of mostly low-pathogenicity Cordycipitaceae.

动物学Zoology

Head-direction cells as a neural compass in bats navigating outdoors on a remote oceanic island

头部标的目的细胞于偏远海岛上户外导航的蝙蝠中起到神经罗盘的作用

▲ 作者：Shaked Palgi, Saikat Ray et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw6202

▲择要：动物及人类依靠导航能力患上以保存。然而，年夜脑“导航回路”中的空间神经元此前从未于真实情况前提下被研究过。研究者于野外对于空间神经元开展了电心理研究。他们记载了于偏远海岛上肆意飞行的蝙蝠的海马体中头部标的目的细胞的勾当。

这些神经元于岛屿全域规模内均能不变表征蝙蝠的朝向定位，且不受月球与星河动态变化的影响。从首次摸索该岛屿最先，标的目的调谐特征颠末数个夜晚逐渐趋在不变。

这些成果注解，头部标的目的细胞可以或许作为颠末进修形成的靠得住神经罗盘，为真实情况中的导航办事——彰显了将神经科学研究推向野外情况的主要价值。

▲ Abstract：Animals and humans rely on their navigation skills to survive. However, spatial neurons in the brain’s “navigation circuit” had not previously been studied under real-world conditions. We conducted an electrophysiological study of spatial neurons in the wild: We recorded head-direction cells from the presubiculum of bats flying unconstrained and navigating outdoors on a remote oceanic island. These neurons represented the bats’ orientation stably across the island’s entire geographical scale and irrespective of the dynamics of the Moon and the Milky Way. The directional tuning stabilized over several nights from the first exploration of the island. These results imply that head-direction cells can serve as a learned, reliable neural compass for real-world navigation—highlighting the power of taking neuroscience out into the wild.

地球科学Earth Science

Global mean sea level over the past 4.5 million years

全世界平均海平面于已往450万年间的变化

▲ 作者：Peter U. Clark, Jeremy D. Shakun et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv8389

▲ 择要：晚新生代全世界平均海平面（GMSL）的变化仍不确定。研究者使用对于海水氧—18同位素变化的重修，重修了自450万年前以来的全世界平均海平面环境。这一重修思量了温度驱动的全世界冰盖氧—18同位素的变化。于450万年至300万年前时期，海平面高位期仍比此刻超出跨越至多20 米，而初次低在此刻的海平面低位期注解北半球冰川作用始在400万年前。

全世界冰川作用的加重发生于300万年至250万年前，其颠峰期间的低海平面位与21000年前末次盛冰期的低海平面位相似，并于整个更新世的年夜部门时间里重复呈现。咱们将冰盖变异性的中更新世转型期归因在约10万年周期的二氧化碳变率增长对于4.1万年周期斜率强制的调建造用。

▲ Abstract：Changes in global mean sea level (GMSL) during the late Cenozoic remain uncertain. We use a reconstruction of changes in δ18O of seawater to reconstruct GMSL since 4.5 million years ago (Ma) that accounts for temperature-driven changes in the δ18O of global ice sheets. Between 4.5 and 3 Ma, sea level highstands remained up to 20 m above present whereas the first lowstands below present suggest onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation at 4 Ma. Intensification of global glaciation occurred from 3 Ma to 2.5 Ma, culminating in lowstands similar to the Last Glacial Maximum lowstand at 21,000 years ago and that reoccurred throughout much of the Pleistocene. We attribute the middle Pleistocene transition in ice sheet variability (1.2 Ma to 0.62 Ma) to modulation of 41-thousand-year (kyr) obliquity forcing by an increase in ~100-kyr CO2variability.

Drought intensity and duration interact to magnify losses in primary productivityt

干旱强度与连续时间配合作用会放年夜低级出产力丧失

▲ 作者：Timothy Ohlert, Melinda D. Smith et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads8144

▲择要：跟着干旱期延伸且加重，其对于陆地低级出产力的影响将慢慢扩展。然而，部门生态体系好像能顺应多年干旱，于干旱连续时期出产力降落幅度连结不变或者逐渐收窄。

研究者经由过程全世界74处草原与灌丛地的不雅测数据，量化了干旱连续时间与强度对于地上出产力的复合影响。除了极度干旱事务外，这些生态体系整体上体现出对于多年干旱的顺应能力。当遭受持续四年的极度干旱时，生态体系出产力丧失较首年增长约2.5倍。

这些成果注解：若干旱连续时间与强度连续增长，生态体系举动将发生底子性改变——从持久维持低程度功效状况，转向于极度干旱时呈现连续且严峻的出产力丧失。

▲ Abstract：As droughts become longer and more intense, impacts on terrestrial primary productivity are expected to increase progressively. Yet, some ecosystems appear to acclimate to multiyear drought, with constant or diminishing reductions in productivity as drought duration increases. We quantified the combined effects of drought duration and intensity on aboveground productivity in 74 grasslands and shrublands distributed globally. Ecosystem acclimation with multiyear drought was observed overall, except when droughts were extreme (i.e., ≤1-in-100-year likelihood of occurrence). Productivity losses after four consecutive years of extreme drought increased by ~2.5-fold compared with those of the first year. These results portend a foundational shift in ecosystem behavior if drought duration and intensity increase, from maintenance of reduced functioning over time to progressive and profound losses of productivity when droughts are extreme.